Top Priority RB&L Missions: Radio Tokyo, VUNC, and KBS

Lieutenant Colonel (LTC) Homer E. Shields and the 1st Radio Broadcasting & Leaflet Group (1st RB&L) main body had scarcely gotten their “land legs” back in early August 1951 when Far East Command (FECOM) adjusted their Psywar mission priorities. Since 25 June 1950 Colonel (COL) E. Woodall Greene and his small Psywar staff in the G-2 (Intelligence) had been working nonstop to fulfill Korean War and western Pacific requirements. The 1st RB&L advance echelon (ADVON) that arrived by air in mid-July had dealt with their most pressing missions—UN coverage of Armistice negotiation talks at Kaesong and finding a work place for the 3rd Reproduction (Repro) Company. More challenges awaited, but command guidance from COL Greene was needed.

The G-2 Psywar Division chief made Radio Tokyo the top priority for the 1st RB&L. Within that mission was responsibility for the Voice of the UN Command (VUNC) because broadcasting originated from Radio Tokyo studios. With preliminary negotiations underway to arrange an Armistice, Second Lieutenant (2LT) William F. Brown, II, the UN psywarrior at Kaesong, was the first line of defense against Communist disinformation and propaganda. His daily reports, credited as “a voice close to General (Matthew B.) Ridgway,” became the official UN statement on the daily negotiations.1 The second priority assigned was to restore Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) radio stations to full operation. President Syngman Rhee had his “government in exile” in Pusan because Seoul had fallen twice to the Communists; first, the North Koreans and then the Red Chinese. In early March 1951, the South Korean capital was still dominated by the Communists. Because the Radio Seoul station was in enemy hands, Radio Pusan (HKLA) with American oversight, became the official “Voice of the Republic of Korea.”

LTC Shields and his staff functionally realigned the group headquarters, redistributing subordinate unit talent to address FECOM priorities. They did this while the Psywar soldiers settled into billets, got oriented, became acquainted with staff procedures, created work areas, and learned their duties. To provide relief to the FECOM G-2 Psywar staff, 1st RB&L had to become productive as soon as possible. This article explains how 1st RB&L “Ganders” adjusted to theater Psywar priorities and their new working environments. Articles from the weekly unit newspaper, The Proper Gander, contemporary news stories, veteran interviews, U.S. Army field manuals (FMs), official documents, and the 1st RB&L “yearbooks” for 1952 and 2002 provided information.

According to FECOM Psywar priorities, radio broadcast production was to be done by the Group and its 4th Mobile Radio Broadcasting Company. Development of Psywar theme-related leaflets would be done by the 1st RB&L. The campaign proposals and individual leaflet designs were approved by G-2 Psywar and printed en masse by the 3rd Repro for air or artillery delivery. The Group S-3 split media production into Radio and Leaflet Sections. Signal Corps Captain (CPT) Edward C. Janicik, the S-3, supervised WWII veteran Armor First Lieutenant (1LT) Elwin D. Hatfield, Leaflet Officer, and Anzio veteran Infantry CPT Robert A. Leadley, the 4th MRBC commander, who was dual-hatted as Radio Officer. Pressure to field the 1st RB&L, get officers trained in Psywar, and deploy the unit overseas left little time to practice collective tasks and solidify staff assignments. Fortunately, a good number of 1st RB&L lieutenants and captains were WWII veterans with commercial radio, television, advertising, and press experience. They understood that shifting priorities meant some internal reorganization to accomplish missions.2 It was a different story with the enlisted personnel.

1st RB&L broadcast script writers to support Radio Tokyo programming and Voice of UNC had to be centralized. The Group Headquarters & Headquarters Company had a small complement of radio script writers by its T/D (Table of Distribution) dated 18 July 1950. This amounted to a Sergeant First Class (SFC) chief script writer and three script writer Sergeants (SGT). All had the same MOS (military occupation specialty): 0288.3 The majority of the script writers were in the Programming Section of the 4th MRBC under the direction of CPT Frederick P. Laffey. Since the situation in Korea had not stabilized sufficiently to move the MRBC there from Japan, the simple solution was to attach all script writers to the Radio Section. Enlisted soldiers with journalism degrees were summarily detached from the 3rd Repro. Script writers assigned to Radio Tokyo moved into the programming department to learn production, draft propaganda messages and news reports, and develop as announcers.4

The adjustment was not difficult since the Americans paid for air time on Radio Tokyo of the Japan Broadcasting System (JBS) and the Army Adjutant General (TAG) had been assigning experienced personnel to the 1st RB&L. The TAG team at Fort Myer, VA, had been screening records of activated Reservists, National Guard, and two-year draftees to cull out copy writers with top newspaper and magazine experience, college journalism graduates, “lay-out experts from the advertising field, and authorities on radio and television” broadcasting.5

SGT George Menkart, 1st RB&L radio producer, goes over scripts with Korean actors in the studios of Radio Tokyo during a “mike-rehearsal.” — SGT George Menkart (center), 1st RB&L radio producer, goes over scripts with Korean actors in the studios of *Radio Tokyo* during a “mike-rehearsal.”

Radio script writers, SGT John Stoddard, 2LT William Eilers, and SGT Lee Nelson transform media information into powerful radio documentaries and news commentaries. — Radio script writers, SGT John Stoddard, 2LT William Eilers (on phone), and SGT Lee Nelson transform media information into powerful radio documentaries and news commentaries.

CPT Edward C. Janicik, the 1st RB&L Operations Officer, discusses a leaflet proposal. — CPT Edward C. Janicik, the 1st RB&L Operations Officer (seated right), discusses a leaflet proposal with (L to R): 1LT Elwin D. Hatfield, Chief, Leaflet Section, retired Nationalist Chinese Brigadier Zeng-tse Wong, Department of the Army civilian, 2LT Roy A. Gallant, S-3 Section, and 2LT Frank R. Mickelsen, Chief, Leaflet Art.

The 4th MRBC script writers detailed to the Radio Section included Privates First Class (PFC) Paul B. Sorensen, George Menkart, Vincent R. Marcley, Alvin R. Busse, Leon H. Califf, John L. Stoddard, and Frank E. Wilson and Private (PVT) Kenneth V. Benson. 1LT Robert B. Shall was made the Production Officer. Signal Corps 2LT Calvin J. Sing, a WWII veteran who spent 1946-47 with the Field Radio for Peking, took charge of the Linguist Section for Chinese and Korean media.6 University of Illinois journalism graduate (Class of 1951) PFC Charles R. Broderick, a recent U.S. Navy-trained lithograph pressman from 3rd Repro, was sent up from Motosumiyoshi to write broadcast scripts for a long six months.7

Rationale for the Radio Operations reorganization and Korea broadcast duty rotations was provided by CPT Janicik, the Group S-3: “The creative writers and technicians of Radio Operations need…actual field experience in the combat area so that their work can be more accurate and effective. Conversely, it is important for [MRBC] Korea personnel to gain experience in Tokyo, programming, writing, and producing Psywar programs. The quality of work will be greatly improved by this on-the-spot orientation method.”8 This explanation was printed in The Proper Gander to keep everyone informed concerning command decisions.

Whether it was apparent at the time the 1st RB&L was being “melded” into the G-2 Psywar Division. The assignment of American career Department of Army civilians (DACs), English-speaking Japanese, and Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and Russian linguists and artists (temporary DACs and contract employees) further amalgamated the Psywar unit into FECOM headquarters.9 The assignment of the RB&L to GHQ Headquarters Service Command (HSC) for administration and logistics completed the process. The FECOM staff shuffling did not impact on the internal reorganization which made the Group S-3 the dominant staff element.

The S-3 Operations Research Section provided script writers with summaries of Communist problems for propaganda exploitation in their mimeographed weekly Research Review. — The S-3 Operations Research Section provided script writers with summaries of Communist problems for propaganda exploitation in their mimeographed weekly *Research Review.*

The S-3 Radio Section assumed responsibility for all Radio Tokyo programs, including VUNC within weeks. They “got their feet wet” with programs from 9 P.M. until midnight. 1LT Alvin S. Yudkoff and the Commentary and Special Features Section soldiers wrote radio news commentaries, turned interviews into scripts, and presented book reviews of current bestsellers. They got a weekly mimeographed Research Review from the Operations Research Section. The Review contained short summaries of unfavorable Communist activities collected by the Radio Monitoring Section.10 Mr. Clarence A. Davies, a DAC, edited radio scripts produced by CPL Robert Herguth, PFCs William F. Morton and Donald I. Burns, and PVT Hanno Fuchs. Davies worked at the Tokyo Advertiser for five years before WWII and in the Office of War Information (OWI) in Honolulu during the war. PVT Chuck Broderick worked for Davies from August 1951 until January 1952. The “News Desk Officer,” Infantry 2LT Eddie Deerfield, had PFCs Anthony E. Severino and William L. McCorkle writing daily fifteen-minute news bulletins.11 Why the UN Command had to establish VUNC is explained in the sidebar below.

Radio script writers at work in the Empire House, 1951. — Radio script writers at work in the Empire House, 1951: (L to R) PFCs Anthony E. Severino, William F. Morton, James McCrory, and SSG Robert Herguth.

2LT Alvin Yudkoff, unknown translator, and SGT Robert Herguth turned English scripts into top network caliber Chinese and Korean programs broadcast as VUNC from Studio 19 in Radio Tokyo. — 2LT Alvin Yudkoff, unknown translator, and SGT Robert Herguth turned English scripts into top network caliber Chinese and Korean programs broadcast as *VUNC* from Studio 19 in *Radio Tokyo.*

CPT Robert A. Horn, Chief, 1st RB&L Operations Research Section, contrived the 'Next New Year Will You Be Alive?' theme for this Psywar leaflet. — CPT Robert A. Horn, Chief, 1st RB&L Operations Research Section, contrived the “Next New Year Will You Be Alive?” theme for this Psywar leaflet. It suggested that the target might be dead, wounded, or missing by then. Mr. Liang Ying Min did the Chinese illustration while Mr. Kim Kyo Tek tailored it for the North Koreans.29

Meanwhile, part of being integrated into the FECOM staff meant the 1st RB&L would grow in size. By 4 October 1951 the Psywar Group had been augmented by forty-five civilians, American, Chinese, Korean, and Japanese, in the Empire House and Motor Pool. Former Army Reserve Master Sergeant (MSG) Alexander “Al” Liosnoff, a University of Missouri graduate of the School of Journalism (Class of 1942), who had worked for CBS, St Louis, and broadcast for several radio stations in San Francisco after WWII, was recalled to active duty in 1950 and sent to FECOM G-2 Psywar. After his two years of active duty, Mr. Liosnoff was assigned to the 4th MRBC as a DAC. Miss Lauve Keister, secretary to LTC Shields, had been the assistant editor of the Textile Technology Digest before joining civil service. Ten Japanese typists, four illustrators, and five drivers were assigned.19 The Chinese and Korean drawing styles of Liang Ying Min and Kim Kyo Tek proved more believable to Asian audiences than those of the Americans.20 This influx of civilians was followed shortly by the arrival of the “Gander” Rear Detachment in mid-October—another seven officers and sixty-three men accompanying the organic equipment.21 Now, the 1st RB&L had the personnel, printing presses, and mobile radio vans to become fully operational.

By early 1952 almost 100 radio broadcasts---the “impact medium” of Army Psywar---were originated from Tokyo each week. These were written in English and then translated into Chinese and Korean by Linguistic Section personnel. An average of forty-five man hours went into each broadcast program. The 1st RB&L writers and producers prepared the radio programs, carefully balancing daily news with educational specials, music, and drama. Truthful, accurate news was the backbone of the programming. Dramatic news commentaries were developed to promote understanding and improve “target audience” retention.22 The “Ganders” worked the Psywar themes hard.

SGTs Anthony E. Severino, Donald Burns, Don Newman, and William Morton with two unidentified 1st RB&L radio script writers transformed information into powerful documentaries and news commentaries.

Actress Margaret An, and actors Yang Hong, Jin Wii, and Tuk Yen broadcast the news in Chinese from the Radio Tokyo studios, April 1952. — Actress Margaret An, and actors Yang Hong, Jin Wii, and Tuk Yen broadcast the news in Chinese from the *Radio Tokyo* studios, April 1952.

Sentimental references to home and family attracted more broadcast appeal when done by women. Korean and Chinese actresses and actors were hired as broadcasters and commentators. Professional stage actress Bok Cha Kim, Ophelia in a prewar production of Hamlet, was best known in North Korea as disc jockey Mo Ran. Her fifteen minute nostalgic “platter and chatter” program was pre-recorded in the same studio used by Tokyo Rose during WWII. “Lansa” was her Chinese counterpart. The Chinese actress adopted this (“Flowering Grace” in Mandarin) because she still had family in Peking.23 Whereas the radio broadcast was the final product of script writers, the Psywar leaflet and weekly news sheets came from the S-3 Leaflet Section.

Writer PFCs Morris J. Brown and Richard L. Berry, working with 2LT Roy A. Gallant, drafted Psywar leaflet texts, while PFC Gerald P. “Gander Meanders” Deppe did weekly news leaflets.24 This Free World Weekly Digest contained information on the progress of the war as well as regional and world events.25 “Since I had quickly learned to tell if Chinese characters were right side up, I was in charge of ‘posting’ the weekly Chinese newsletter…right side up,” said PFC Peter R. Lee.26 The leaflet section chief was Armor 1LT Elwin D. “Hat” Hatfield, a WWII Pacific veteran (Philippines and Okinawa). The former courthouse-police reporter and sports editor of the Muskogee (OK) Phoenix, copy reader for the Oklahoma City Times, and assistant city editor at the Daily Oklahoman insured that 1st RB&L writers, artists, and linguists crafted “products that would cajole vicious Reds into surrendering.” Hatfield accomplished this in “the slow, easy going drawl that worked with reporters on the Daily Oklahoman.”27

WWII Armor veteran, 1LT Elwin D. “Hat” Hatfield, S-3 Leaflet Section chief, had served as a reporter, copy writer, and editor on several Oklahoma newspapers.

SSG John A. Davenport and SGT Gudmund Berge of the 1st RB&L Leaflet Section combined terse, dramatic word messages with attention-getting, graphic images.

Copies of the Free World Weekly Digest were airdropped over North Korea. — Copies of the *Free World Weekly Digest* were airdropped over North Korea.

The 1st RB&L aimed Psywar leaflets at North Korean civilians as well as Communist Chinese and Korean troops. The weekly Psywar news sheet explained UN progress in the war and world events. Safe Conduct Passes containing specific surrender instructions and simple maps to Allied front lines were designed to lower enemy troop morale and reduce combat effectiveness. Fifty-eight to eighty-six man hours were required to produce each propaganda leaflet.28 Good living and working conditions in Tokyo made these workloads quite bearable. Hence, the shift in mission priorities was almost seamless.

Duty as a Psywarrior in Japan was not bad. The Empire Building (the former British Embassy) was just blocks from General Douglas A. MacArthur’s headquarters in the Dai Ichi. The entire sixth floor of the Empire Building belonged to 1st RB&L. Plenty of new furniture and an abundance of fans provided a conducive working atmosphere. The building snack shop, with a constant aroma of fresh coffee, seemed destined to inspire “many a fine piece of work from the Operations’ competent staff.”30 Enlisted “Ganders” could ride a military bus or walk to work if the weather was nice.

The 1st RB&L soldiers were housed in the earthquake-proof, five-story brick and tile-roofed Finance Building. The square-shaped imposing structure had a triple-arched portal in which a GHQ Honor Guard soldier was posted. An inner court was used for Honor Guard formations. The GHQ Headquarters & Service Command (HSC) offices were located on first and second floors. Not everyone appreciated life in Tokyo.

“We live in a big squad room with about 20 men and it’s fairly nice. It isn’t safe as far as stealing is concerned because there are all kinds of troops in the building and they roam all over the place,” wrote PVT Charles Broderick. He had been pulled from his 3rd Repro Company press job to write broadcast scripts (his first assignment at Fort Riley).31 “We sit in here [Empire Building], and knock out a story or two every 3 or 4 days. I am rapidly running out of ideas. I have at least 15 examples of work they’ve used. As a consequence I could do the work in civilian life. I just sit and thump away on my ‘L.C. Smith’ [typewriter],” lamented the former collegiate football player.32 However, the majority of “Ganders” in the Japanese capital enjoyed their Psywar experience. It was far better than a combat assignment overseas in Korea.

On 19 October 1951, the S-3 Radio Section was praised by LTC Thomas O. Mathews, FECOM G-2 Psywar Radio Officer, for programming, script content, and style qualities: “Output has reached a new high in ‘listen-ability.’ Well-written material, variety of programs, special recordings from Korea, and smooth production are adding to effectiveness” at Radio Tokyo.33 This laudatory note showed that the 1st RB&L reorganization enabled the unit to successfully accomplish its primary FECOM mission within sixty days of arrival in Japan.

Reorganizing along commercial advertising and journalism lines, applying the unit’s best talent to Radio Tokyo and VUNC, and co-locating the 3rd Repro with the FECOM Printing and Publications Center at Motosumiyoshi inadvertently facilitated the amalgamation of the Psywar Group into the FECOM staff and print center. By mid-January 1952, the 3rd Repro Company was attached to the 8234th Army Unit (AU), the new designation for the FECOM print facility and the 1st RB&L had been redesignated as the 8239th AU. With the redesignations Far East Command assumed responsibility for organizing, manning, and equipping the temporary Army Unit. The Department of Army (DA) had fulfilled its obligation by getting this critical asset into theater.

Only the tactical Psywar units, the Loudspeaker & Leaflet Companies to support theater armies had been created by the Army as permanent elements with Tables of Organization & Equipment (T/O&E). They remained in the Army force structure after the war when the temporary elements were easily deactivated by the theater commanders. As the war wound down in 1953, these T/D units simply withered away as the two years of active duty ended for Army Reservists and enlisted draftees; FECOM elected not to replace most departing personnel. Whether LTC Homer Shields was aware of these force structure nuances is of little consequence. His ability to challenge them was negligible and besides, the WWII Psywar veteran had to address radio broadcasting issues in Korea, his Number Two priority.

ENDNOTES

William F. Brown, II, interview by Dr. Charles H, Briscoe, 27 September 2010, USASOC History Office Classified Files, Fort Bragg, NC, hereafter cited by name and date. ^[return]
Eddie Deerfield, interview by Dr. Charles H. Briscoe, 16 September 2010, USASOC History Office Classified Fiules, Fort Bragg, NC, hereafter cited by name and date; “Operations Shuffle Changes S-3 Set-up,” The Proper Gander, Vol. 1, No. 16, 18 August 1951, 1, 1st Radio Broadcasting & Leaflet Group, Tokyo, Japan, Charles R. Broderick Collection, USASOC History Office Classified Files, Fort Bragg, NC, hereafter cited as The Proper Gander with date and collection; Field Artillery 2LT William F. Brown II was made the Group S-2 (Intelligence) by LTC Homer A. Shields shortly after his arrival. He was forthwith dispatched to the Pentagon to be briefed on Yugoslavia. When LT Brown returned the Princeton graduate and former Look magazine writer joined a group preparing Psywar classes and developing Programs of Instruction (POI) for the officer and enlisted Psychological Warfare Courses at the Army General School, Fort Riley. He was attending the Psywar Unit Officer Course No. 1 when drafted for the 1st RB&L Advance Echelon (ADVON) to Japan. Brown interview, 27 October 2010; On 19 October 1951, the 4th MRBC Radio Section supporting the Far East Command (FECOM), G-2 Psywar Section was praised by MSC LTC Thomas O. Mathews, for the quality of programming, script content, and style. U.S. Army, General Headquarters (GHQ), Far East Command, Psychological Warfare Section memorandum, SUBJECT: Commendation for 4th Mobile Radio Broadcasting Company dated 19 October 1951. ^[return]
Army Field Forces. Table of Distribution (T/D) 250-1202, Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Radio Broadcasting and Leaflet Group dated 18 July 1950, Robert L. Darcy Collection, U.S. Army Heritage & Education Center, Carlisle, PA, hereafter cited as T/D 250-1202, Darcy Collection. ^[return]
Deerfield interview, 16 September 2010; “Operations Shuffle Changes S-3 Set-up,” The Proper Gander, Vol. 1, No. 16, 18 August 1951, 1, Broderick Collection. ^[return]
Paul M.A. Linebarger, Psychological Warfare (Washington, DC: Combat Forces Press, 1954), 306; “Ideas in Action,” Stars & Stripes (Tokyo) undated, James B. Haynes Collection, USASOC History Office Classified Files, Fort Bragg, NC, hereafter cited by collection. By 1950s Psywar doctrine using radio frequencies of established stations and alerting prospective audiences about programs by public address systems, posted leaflets, and airdropped newspapers could offset the numbers of receivers available. U.S. Army (Field Manual) FM 33-5, Psychological Warfare in Combat Operations dated August 1949, 61. ^[return]
Deerfield interview, 16 September 2010; “Operations Shuffle Changes S-3 Set-up,” The Proper Gander, Vol. 1, No. 16, 18 August 1951, 1 and “Don’t Get Blinded! Mickelsen, Sing Wearing Silver Bars,” The Proper Gander, 1: 22 ( 4 October 1951), 1, Broderick Collection. ^[return]
Charles R. Broderick, interviews by Dr. Charles H. Briscoe, 27 October 2010 and 3 November 2010, USASOC History Office Classified Files, Fort Bragg, NC, hereafter cited by name and date. ^[return]
“Tokyo-Korea Traffic Heavy With Groupers: Radio Ops Keep Men Between Japan-Korea,” The Proper Gander, 1:27 (8 November 1951), 1, Broderick Collection. ^[return]
Deerfield interview, 16 September 2010; “Operations Shuffle Changes S-3 Set-up,” The Proper Gander, 1:16 (18 August 1951), 1, Broderick Collection; 1st RB&L Group,Life and Times in the First Radio Broadcasting and Leaflet Group 1952 (Tokyo, 1952), hereafter cited as 1952 Life and Times; Broderick interview, 3 October 2010. CPL Broderick was tasked to write up local sports and entertainment events, like the “Powder Puff Football Game,” visiting jazz artists, and the ongoing combat in Korea based on Army teletype reports and POW interrogations which were classified SECRET. GHQ headquarters (Dai Ichi building) had a good library for regional research. ^[return]
Deerfield interview, 16 September 2010; “Operations Shuffle Changes S-3 Set-up,” The Proper Gander, 1:16 (18 August 1951), 1, Broderick Collection; Broderick, interview, 3 October 2010; Operations Research Section, 1st RB&L Group, APO 500. Research Review, 2:1 (2 January 1953), 1, Darcy Collection. ^[return]
Deerfield interview, 16 September 2010; “Operations Shuffle Changes S-3 Set-up,” The Proper Gander, 1:16 (18 August 1951), 1, Broderick Collection; Broderick, interview, 3 October 2010. ^[return]
“UNTCOK” at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNTOK accessed 8/16/2011. ^[return]
Leon Gordenker, “United Nations Use of Mass Communications in Korea, 1950-1951,” International Organization, 8:3 (August 1954), 333. ^[return]
Gordenker, “UN Use of Mass Communications in Korea,” 1950-1951,” 333, 334. ^[return]
Gordenker, “UN Use of Mass Communications in Korea,” 1950-1951,” 337. ^[return]
Gordenker, “UN Use of Mass Communications in Korea,” 1950-1951,” 338, 339. ^[return]
Gordenker, “UN Use of Mass Communications in Korea,” 1950-1951,” 340, 344. ^[return]
Brown interview, 27 September 2010; Walter G. Hermes, Truce Tent and Fighting Front. United States Army in the Korean War (Washington, DC, US Army Center of Military History, 2005), 21. ^[return]
“Group Now Has 45 ‘Honorary’ Members,” The Proper Gander, 1:22 (4 October 1951), 4, Broderick Collection. ^[return]
Peter Lee, “Personal Remarks,” in Klein, McConaughey, and Anthony E. Severino, Remembrances of the 1st RB&L Group: 57th Year Reunion, October 24, 2009, 1, hereafter cited as 57th Year Reunion. ^[return]
“Goslings See Frisco; Blue Pacific, On Trip,” The Proper Gander, 1:24 (18 October 1951), 1,2, Broderick Collection. ^[return]
SB, “New Weapons, Complementing Bombs and Bullets Go Forth to Wage A War With Words,” GHQ Headquarters and Service Command’s Weekly Publication, The Reporter, 2:28 (11 April 1952), 3; and “Ideas in Action,” Stars & Stripes (Tokyo), undated from Broderick and Haynes Collections. ^[return]
Peter Kalischer, “We’re Asking the Reds to SURRENDER – PLEASE,” Collier’s (13 December 1952), 15,16. ^[return]
Deerfield interview, 16 September 2010; “Operations Shuffle Changes S-3 Set-up,” The Proper Gander, 1:16 (18 August 1951), 1, Broderick Collection. ^[return]
“Ideas in Action,” Stars & Stripes (Tokyo), undated Haynes Collection. ^[return]
Lee, “Personal Remarks,” in 57th Year Reunion. ^[return]
“Officer of the Day: Newspaperman Hatfield Directs Leaflet Work,” The Proper Gander, 1:22 (4 October 1951), 2,4, Broderick Collection; Thomas M. Klein, “Elwin Hatfield (1922-1991),” 2002 Life and Times, 180-183. 1LT Elwin Hatfield visited prisoner of war (POW) camps near Pusan and Seoul in late October 1951 to gather information that might be useful in further leaflet production. While in Korea, he joined MAJ William H. Buckley, the 1st RB&L Group executive officer on a leaflet drop.“Cramped, Cold and Weary Officers Return to City,” The Proper Gander, 1:25 (25 October 1951), 1, 3 and “Leaflet Chief Off: LT Hatfield Leaves for Korean Visit,” The Proper Gander, 1:24 (18 October 1951), 2, Broderick Collection. ^[return]
SB, “New Weapons, Complementing Bombs and Bullets Go Forth to Wage A War With Words,” The Reporter, 2:28 (11 April 1952), 3 and “Ideas in Action,” Stars & Stripes (Tokyo), undated, Broderick andHaynes Collections. ^[return]
General Headquarters. Far East Command. Psychological Warfare Section. 1st Radio Broadcasting& Leaflet Group, APO 500.Psywar Leaflet #1140 “Will Death Be Your Fate?” dated 28 December 1951, Haynes Collection; “LT Horn Man Behind ‘Fate’ Theme Leaflet,” The Proper Gander, 2:2 (17 January 1952), 1, Broderick Collection. ^[return]
“Headquarters, 4th Live in Big House, with Elevators Yet!” The Proper Gander, 1:16 (18 August 1951), 1, 3, Broderick Collection. ^[return]
Broderick letter from Tokyoto The Brodericks, Marion, Illinois, dated 11 October 1951, Broderick Collection; Peter Lee, “Personal Remarks,” in 57th Year Reunion, October 24, 2009, 22. ^[return]
Broderick letter from Tokyo to The Brodericks. Marion, Illinois, dated 11 October 1951, Broderick Collection. ^[return]
U.S. Army, General Headquarters (GHQ), Far East Command, Psychological Warfare Section memorandum, SUBJECT: Commendation for 4th Mobile Radio Broadcasting Company dated 19 October 1951. MAJ Matthews and CPT Max W. Dolcater had gotten Radio P’yongyang back on the air as a UN station in mid-November 1950, only to destroy their handiwork when the Communist Chinese intervened en masse a few weeks later. Charles H. Briscoe, “The UN Occupation of P’yongyang,” Veritas, 6:1, 77. ^[return]
COL Homer E’ Shields, U.S. Army 201 (Personnel) file, courtesy of Timothy Shields, USASOC History Office Classified Files, Fort Bragg, NC; Klein, “Colonel Homer Shields (1915-2000)” in 2002 Life and Times, 123-129. ^[return]